Theory Genealogy · Authorities

The Sources Behind the Branches

Read the statutory text and opinions supporting the five lineages. Each entry identifies its version and offers the retained original alongside a complete reading copy.

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27 sources

29 C.F.R. § 778.117 — Commissions

Source: Office of the Federal Register / eCFR
Version: eCFR edition 2026-10-15; reviewed 2026-10-18
Relevant passages: Whole section; commission inclusion; Supplementary federal authority; Alvarado controls California flat-sum bonuses

Source identity and integrity

Official eCFR XML; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Complete retained provision, including qualifications; supplementary federal interpretive authority, subject to controlling California law.

Retained source · 1,219 bytes
51145f52846f9967dff0a28af3e0f52b8e2a9f497fff8aa72d43a42ca7bd84f3

Reading copy · 947 bytes
2badf932cc3e504623e7a9206256234e837334389d16536048f00adff008c886

29 C.F.R. § 778.119 — Deferred commission payments

Source: Office of the Federal Register / eCFR
Version: eCFR edition 2026-10-15; reviewed 2026-10-18
Relevant passages: Whole section; allocation back to earning workweeks; Supplementary federal authority; Alvarado controls California flat-sum bonuses

Source identity and integrity

Official eCFR XML; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Complete retained provision, including qualifications; supplementary federal interpretive authority, subject to controlling California law.

Retained source · 1,536 bytes
18d8b2d48b383e0a36fd72d3e4fdd26657496b29e724b0ba46bda53d2429c6bd

Reading copy · 1,286 bytes
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29 C.F.R. § 778.209 — Inclusion of bonus in regular rate

Source: Office of the Federal Register / eCFR
Version: eCFR edition 2026-10-15; reviewed 2026-10-18
Relevant passages: Whole section; bonus allocation, subject to California flat-sum rule; Supplementary federal authority; Alvarado controls California flat-sum bonuses

Source identity and integrity

Official eCFR XML; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Complete retained provision, including qualifications; supplementary federal interpretive authority, subject to controlling California law.

Retained source · 3,075 bytes
bea868fd56133bc0d90516cfda05ad77c9c057b6aedee4ce2fbd509013ecdc8a

Reading copy · 2,808 bytes
bb614db9efb1efb5a983972d498ed5248c4506a95b2fb7d85858a4ba8fa61f7b

Alvarado v. Dart Container Corp. of California (2018) 4 Cal.5th 542

Source: California Supreme Court
Version: Filed 2018-03-05; S232607; official slip opinion
Relevant passages: Official slip pp. 26–37, especially pp. 29, 31–32, 35 fn. 12 and 37

Source identity and integrity

Complete primary-source PDF and mechanically extracted complete reading; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Flat-sum reasoning and complete conclusion, official slip pp. 26–37; distinction from production/commission compensation at p. 29; Marin treatment and fn. 12 at pp. 32–35.

Retained source · 399,722 bytes
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Reading copy · 84,276 bytes
1803608c8a2be251751a441c251dfed2bb7a7b5cb988215be1d88f36f47a92c2

Augustus v. ABM Security Services, Inc. (2016) 2 Cal.5th 257

Source: California Supreme Court
Version: Filed 2016-12-22; S224853; official slip opinion
Relevant passages: Official slip pp. 1–2, 10–18; current § 226.7(f)(1)–(5)

Source identity and integrity

Complete primary-source PDF and mechanically extracted complete reading; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Duty-free and on-call rest periods, official slip pp. 1–2, 10–18; current § 226.7(f) statutory exception separately read in full.

Retained source · 450,545 bytes
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Reading copy · 73,249 bytes
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Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004

Source: California Supreme Court; official-reporter facsimile preserved by Caselaw Access Project
Version: Filed 2012-04-12; S166350; official-reporter facsimile
Relevant passages: 53 Cal.4th pp. 1028–1041, especially pp. 1029, 1031–1033, 1040–1041 & fn. 19

Source identity and integrity

Complete primary-source PDF and mechanically extracted complete reading; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Rest-period duration/timing and authorization, reporter pp. 1028–1033; meal duty and timing, pp. 1034–1041, including fn. 19; read with current § 512.

Retained source · 3,008,876 bytes
3a000d15ac9a1fea91760ecb29d3500b67e6ca4b61c33e29c2b46a8c09a0f110

Reading copy · 133,389 bytes
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Cochran v. Schwan’s Home Service, Inc. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1137

Source: California court opinion; official-reporter facsimile preserved by Caselaw Access Project
Version: 2014-08-12; B247160; official-reporter facsimile, including denial of review note
Relevant passages: 228 Cal.App.4th 1137, 1144–1145

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged official-reporter PDF facsimile and complete mechanical reading

Reviewed unit: Entire opinion, reporter pp. 1140–1145, including class-certification posture, operative § 2802 holdings and review-denied note.

Retained source · 410,153 bytes
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Reading copy · 18,369 bytes
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DLSE Opinion Letter 2002.06.14-1 — Commission Pay Plans and Overtime

Source: California Division of Labor Standards Enforcement
Version: Historical primary source; reviewed 2026-10-18
Relevant passages: Pages 2–4; commission inclusion and earning-period allocation; agency interpretive guidance

Source identity and integrity

Official agency PDF; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Complete four-page opinion letter; commission inclusion, earning-period allocation, payout timing, and scope as agency interpretive guidance.

Retained source · 496,327 bytes
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Reading copy · 10,765 bytes
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DLSE Overtime FAQ

Source: California Division of Labor Standards Enforcement
Version: Retained source captured October 18, 2026
Relevant passages: Questions 1 and 3: regular rate, commissions, shift differentials and bonuses

Source identity and integrity

Agency guidance; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Questions 1 and 3 in full, including actual-hours, commission, shift differential, flat-sum/production distinction and discretionary-bonus qualifications.

Retained source · 72,571 bytes
ae2f51440f75f05e0a7f076ae3498f848632ee0e2b393a93e4c9e2e78d1852fe

Reading copy · 26,918 bytes
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Ferra v. Loews Hollywood Hotel, LLC (2021) 11 Cal.5th 858

Source: California Supreme Court
Version: Filed 2021-07-15; S259172; official slip opinion
Relevant passages: Official slip opinion pp. 1–2, 25–29

Source identity and integrity

Complete primary-source PDF and mechanically extracted complete reading; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Introduction identifying the statutory question and complete conclusion/retroactivity unit, slip pp. 1–2 and 25–29; prior verified regular-rate review reused.

Retained source · 399,274 bytes
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Reading copy · 59,876 bytes
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Gattuso v. Harte-Hanks Shoppers, Inc. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 554

Source: California court opinion; official-reporter facsimile preserved by Caselaw Access Project
Version: 2007-11-05; S139555; official-reporter facsimile
Relevant passages: 42 Cal.4th 554, 568–575

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged official-reporter PDF facsimile and complete mechanical reading

Reviewed unit: Introduction and facts, pp. 558–560; complete § 2802 reimbursement-method analysis, pp. 567–575, with preceding DLSE policy discussion; class-certification unit retained but not relied upon.

Retained source · 1,291,820 bytes
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Reading copy · 53,569 bytes
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Labor Code § 1194

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 1992, ch. 427, § 120, effective January 1, 1993; official October 18, 2026 capture
Relevant passages: § 1194(a)–(b)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with complete identified statutory unit text and HTML; unchanged same-date prior capture

Reviewed unit: Complete section (a)–(b), headings and amendment note.

Retained source · 3,342 bytes
46ca28fd607856c977ad9069528f2c480ff4d3e143950bc66093b5f0cef8cef0

Reading copy · 969 bytes
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Labor Code § 201

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2018, ch. 903, § 19 (SB 1504), effective January 1, 2019
Relevant passages: (a); entire section; subds. (a)–(d); subd. (a); subdivision (a)

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged same-day official browser DOM capture and complete reading

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(d), including special rules and amendment note.

Retained source · 12,458 bytes
37df52bbda0ecce6cdf67ec7f2bee615c4068f44cd7e6677e57d762baa8adfe0

Reading copy · 5,028 bytes
2f2c5f81c657327a0db8d324a0b6e9ad42d4a8c4da4e3fdf36508f559b9d6995

Labor Code § 202

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2018, ch. 903, § 20 (SB 1504), effective January 1, 2019
Relevant passages: (a); entire section; subd. (a); subdivision (a)

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged same-day official browser DOM capture and complete reading

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(d), including notice, mailed-payment and state-employer provisions and amendment note.

Retained source · 12,850 bytes
9b684714380186d17c1c9023bed358cd17a1b552e7ac1ab23e7ba48ded9e9c7d

Reading copy · 5,218 bytes
4eaf81441ef5e91660a033575b8248e4bac8579a19a1fe71c0d9a84ca2bdb701

Labor Code § 203

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2019, ch. 700, § 2.5 (SB 286), effective January 1, 2020
Relevant passages: § 203(a)–(b)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with full identified unit text and HTML

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(b), including amendment note.

Retained source · 4,408 bytes
735f1fcff877a459374fbee13357f17bc4995e822e1feff797a67757fb16bfba

Reading copy · 1,397 bytes
1e80173028e10cc0f1d4d29238544ba37e2bef8b9ec8bc72e37dd495d5a655e5

Labor Code § 226

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2023, ch. 866, § 1 (SB 332), effective October 13, 2023
Relevant passages: § 226(a), (d)–(e), (i)–(j)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with full identified unit text and HTML

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(j), including coverage, injury and knowledge predicates, hours exceptions, and amendment note.

Retained source · 23,015 bytes
239db5be723a969eded15629bccad1d04c2bb83bd41b24d5d844c1787a8563b5

Reading copy · 9,961 bytes
f92faaa0fec8382ebce0e2486492c278d52a9c12605712da08c48d6dc4e954d6

Labor Code § 226.7

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2020, ch. 343, § 2 (AB 1512), effective September 30, 2020; repeals January 1, 2027
Relevant passages: § 226.7(b)–(g), especially (f)(1)–(5)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with full identified unit text and HTML

Reviewed unit: Entire operative section (a)–(g), including security-officer requirements, filed-case exception, express Augustus limitation and successor note.

Retained source · 12,122 bytes
70f44d4a0528673a7ab6cee0ea71ab09655b0a6c59f4b814cf3c756f00dc50f3

Reading copy · 4,938 bytes
6120ac3d1ac5c0da8bec33a413138b5cdcbbb6a8bf6c7a20896db51b85b4309a

Labor Code § 2699

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2025, ch. 67, § 134 (AB 1170), effective January 1, 2026
Relevant passages: § 2699(a), (c)–(e), (g)–(k), (m)–(p), (v)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with full identified unit text and HTML

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(v), including amendment note and prior-notice applicability exception.

Retained source · 39,383 bytes
9c249751a2943a70da4c4dfa00747f6db368aa10584756260d4f6cafe8f5a99d

Reading copy · 17,987 bytes
3912aed2a91e009ac0f6fffe173b67e27e1dfa8fab17ee106caccd544e78f07f

Labor Code § 2699.3

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2025, ch. 67, § 135 (AB 1170), effective January 1, 2026
Relevant passages: § 2699.3(a)–(c), (f)–(g)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with full identified unit text and HTML

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(g), including distinct safety track, employer-size and wage-statement cure routes, early evaluation and operative note.

Retained source · 50,389 bytes
13dfdaea5d3aacaa7c7c2941f3f143454f45cd5fd2606b923480e040f8cc2052

Reading copy · 22,646 bytes
cf4c8e4ef13daa832295cb0be1fd5b289ab5b1c80669f60337771bbe6cbb347d

Labor Code § 2802

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2015, ch. 783, § 4 (AB 970), effective January 1, 2016
Relevant passages: subdivisions (a)–(d)

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged same-day official browser DOM capture and complete reading

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(d), including interest, enforcement costs and Labor Commissioner remedy.

Retained source · 5,357 bytes
bb27af5a18f0ec63006723eaf9e605c5f5f3bf7d0299990f7cfc24b11980ee60

Reading copy · 1,927 bytes
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Labor Code § 510

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 1999, ch. 134, § 4, effective January 1, 2000
Relevant passages: § 510(a)–(c)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with full identified unit text and HTML

Reviewed unit: Entire section (a)–(c), including tiers, no combined overtime rates, alternative-workweek exceptions and amendment note.

Retained source · 5,897 bytes
f7f3d227c7390609c881b4abffcb187deeb2929dbe17100e6b4f17170f209874

Reading copy · 2,154 bytes
451b0b2fe657816bba9373e3d6488d520ef5acde112ee0d70bd873b3acaf4200

Labor Code § 512

Source: California Legislative Information
Version: Stats. 2025, ch. 95, § 1 (SB 693), effective January 1, 2026; official October 18, 2026 capture
Relevant passages: § 512(a)–(g)

Source identity and integrity

Official browser DOM capture with complete identified statutory unit text and HTML; unchanged same-date prior capture

Reviewed unit: Complete section (a)–(g), including waivers, industry/CBA exceptions, definitions and amendment note.

Retained source · 13,016 bytes
17002e774945633c15fc3442af092c04f53c256f363c70521376500e5480eaba

Reading copy · 5,340 bytes
f18bbf49bb82aa4f5197eabe43b3f2f95dc3ae7726531765ebe7bacc58063898

Naranjo v. Spectrum Security Services, Inc. (2022) 13 Cal.5th 93

Source: California Supreme Court
Version: Filed 2022-05-23; S258966; official slip opinion
Relevant passages: Official slip opinion pp. 1–2, 8–10, 32–33, 40–41

Source identity and integrity

Complete primary-source PDF and mechanically extracted complete reading; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Wage-status reasoning, § 203 timing and willfulness discussion, § 226 reporting analysis, remand/disposition, and adjoining qualifications; relevant units at slip pp. 1–2, 8–10, 32–33, 40–41.

Retained source · 506,695 bytes
00eb8ec514a6f9f9fe38c02df71ade4375181c5405e535c9c796a89248b73343

Reading copy · 85,312 bytes
58ea7f89282516b6219abe65f79bd2272bd272b10c0a061841bbc471a8898673

Naranjo v. Spectrum Security Services, Inc. (2024) 15 Cal.5th 1056

Source: California Supreme Court
Version: Filed 2024-05-06; S279397; official slip opinion
Relevant passages: Official slip opinion pp. 1–2, 38–44, including fns. 10–11

Source identity and integrity

Complete primary-source PDF and mechanically extracted complete reading; unchanged prior capture

Reviewed unit: Introductory procedural and statutory question, entire final rule/application/disposition unit, slip pp. 1–2 and 38–44, including fns. 10–11; distinguishes underlying duty from penalty scienter.

Retained source · 503,097 bytes
6093103c243629214d9643485a5edca556fcc57b88d2e9e452d3316f0e0fb22d

Reading copy · 92,953 bytes
f8276ea7a113206f9944b2b1087ee2754d7b83df174aeb11844b0ab3e7a576c5

Stuart v. RadioShack Corp. (N.D.Cal. 2009) 641 F.Supp.2d 901

Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California; filed order preserved by Justia
Version: Order filed April 30, 2009; C-07-4499 EMC; docket 101
Relevant passages: Order pp. 3–6; reporter pp. 903–905

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged filed-order PDF obtained from Justia; complete mechanical text extraction; compared with CourtListener opinion 2474678

Reviewed unit: Entire seven-page order, including knowledge standard, evidence qualification, due-diligence requirement, footnotes and disposition.

Retained source · 40,816 bytes
0f16a54dd3a9e0f0168f3f19e743ad246dbaa9a093e5049392623d3ff649b03f

Reading copy · 16,428 bytes
bf9e8bea70b1c6279eb96731e15434bbc9be6cb1f874b020931469dd62e6552d

Thai v. International Business Machines Corp. (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 364

Source: California Court of Appeal, First District, Division Five
Version: Filed July 11, 2023; A165390; official published slip opinion
Relevant passages: Official slip pp. 2–3 (facts); Official slip p. 6 fn. 9 (reasonableness and mixed-use questions reserved); Official slip pp. 7–9 and fn. 11 (work causation and mixed-use discussion); Official slip p. 13 (reversal and remand)

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged official PDF and complete mechanical text extraction

Reviewed unit: Entire opinion, slip pp. 1–14, including footnotes 9 and 11 reserving amount and mixed-use questions; published caption and disposition checked.

Retained source · 221,264 bytes
791983f2651b790d5a92b87b0ca2a4ec50898e2b6f9489133f00939816fed7a4

Reading copy · 25,216 bytes
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Thai — California Supreme Court review denial

Source: California Supreme Court
Version: Supreme Court minutes, October 11, 2023
Relevant passages: Minutes p. 1210, S281503

Source identity and integrity

Unchanged official PDF and complete mechanical text extraction

Reviewed unit: S281503 entry on minutes p. 1210 and surrounding case-identification entries.

Retained source · 262,883 bytes
8a466734b4c33485de6b90b92721c6d47e25c16c724c2bb6f825c20347dc740a

Reading copy · 40,505 bytes
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